Citizenship by Birth (Jus Soli or Right of Soil) – Analysis of Laws, Strategies, Exceptions, and Limitations in 2025
This comprehensive academic document is prepared by ALand Company, a leading immigration consulting firm with over 20 years of experience in citizenship, residency, and family planning.
Introduction from ALand Company and Preparation Approach
Our expert team, consisting of international lawyers, local immigration specialists in over 50 countries, and analysts, has gathered and analyzed all information from official sources and legal reports to ensure accuracy and practicality. ALand Company is committed to helping families, especially Iranian ones, navigate these processes with confidence. This document is designed to introduce you to our services while providing in-depth knowledge. The document is based on data updated as of July 24, 2025, sourced from the Henley Passport Index 2025, UN migration reports, national laws, and ALand’s internal legal analyses. The goal is to offer a thorough examination of the “right of soil” principle (Jus Soli), which grants citizenship based on birthplace, regardless of parents’ nationality.
Definition of Right of Soil (Jus Soli)
Definition of Right of Soil (Jus Soli)
The right of soil, or Jus Soli (from Latin: “right of the territory”), is a legal principle that grants citizenship to any individual born on the soil of a country, irrespective of the parents’ citizenship, nationality, or residency status. This principle originated in ancient Roman law and was institutionalized in the 19th century in immigrant-receiving countries like the United States (through the 14th Amendment to the Constitution in 1868) and Canada to encourage population growth and social integration. ALand’s legal team analyzes this principle based on international conventions, such as the 1961 UN Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, which aims to prevent statelessness and promote human rights, particularly for children of migrants or refugees.
Types of Jus Soli (based on ALand’s analysis):
Unrestricted/Absolute: Automatic citizenship without additional conditions (primarily in the Americas, to promote demographic and economic growth). Conditional/Limited: Citizenship requires extra conditions like parental residency, “double Jus Soli” (at least one parent born in the country), or application at a specific age (primarily in Europe, to promote integration and prevent abuse). Hybrid: Combination with right of blood (Jus Sanguinis), where citizenship is strengthened by parental descent (e.g., France or Germany, for balanced integration).
General Benefits (from ALand’s local knowledge):
Strong passport for visa-free travel (e.g., Schengen access), full citizen rights (voting, work, education, healthcare), family reunification (sponsoring parents at age 21 in many countries), and economic/social opportunities (e.g., free education in Canada). General Risks: Birth tourism (travel for birth) can lead to visa denial or entry ban; legal changes (e.g., proposed restrictions in 2025); birth costs (average $3,000–$15,000); ethical issues (ALand advises full legal compliance).
Method of Birth and Citizenship Based on Jus Soli
ALand’s legal team explains the method based on global and local laws:
Step 1: Physical Birth
The child must be born on the country’s territory (including territorial waters, aircraft, or ships under the country’s flag).
Step 2: Birth Registration
A birth certificate is issued by the hospital or local authority (usually free or low-cost, less than $100). This step often confirms citizenship automatically in unrestricted cases and requires parental ID (passport or ID card).
Step 3: Granting Citizenship
Automatic in unrestricted types; in conditional, an application is needed with proof of residency or integration (e.g., language test). Citizenship includes full rights like voting and sponsorship.
Step 4: Issuance of Passport and Documents
After registration, the child’s passport is issued (time: a few weeks to months; cost: $50–$200). For dual citizenship, register with the Iranian consulate to retain Iranian citizenship (Iranian Civil Code Article 976).
Dual Citizenship
Permitted in most countries; in Iran, recognized if no conflict (Civil Code Article 989). ALand’s lawyers help avoid issues like mandatory military service.
Additional Cases of Birth and Citizenship Based on Jus Soli
Additional Cases
Preventing Statelessness
If parents cannot transmit citizenship, the host country grants it automatically (UN Convention 1961).
Exceptions Standard
Children of diplomats (Vienna Convention 1961), military occupiers, or “enemy aliens” during war.
Risks and Challenges
Birth tourism can cause visa rejection (e.g., pregnancy checks at US borders). Costs include hospital, stay, and travel. Legal changes may occur (e.g., restrictions in Ireland since 2005). Ethical concerns include system abuse; ALand ensures compliance.
Example
An Iranian family giving birth in Mexico (unrestricted) results in Mexican citizenship for the child, with a passport issued quickly, allowing future sponsorship of parents, while maintaining Iranian citizenship through consular registration.
Practical Strategies for Obtaining Citizenship by Birth (Step-by-Step)
ALand’s team of lawyers and local experts has developed these strategies based on years of experience with Iranian families:
Strategy 1: Selecting an Unrestricted Country in the Americas (e.g., Mexico or Canada) for Automatic Citizenship
Step 1: Research visa requirements with ALand’s lawyers (for Iranians, use Schengen visa for waiver). Step 2: Plan the trip (tourist visa, proof of return, sufficient funds – minimum $1,000). Step 3: Birth in a reputable hospital (pre-booked by ALand; cost $2,000–$10,000, including pre/post-natal care). Step 4: Register birth and passport (ALand’s local team assists with dual registration at Iranian consulate). Step 5: Return and plan future sponsorship (child can sponsor parents at age 21). Risks: Pregnancy scrutiny at borders (10–20% rejection risk); ALand conducts pre-trip audits. Necessary Tools: ID documents, hospital contract, legal advice from ALand.
Strategy 2: Using Visa-Free Caribbean Countries (e.g., Dominica) for Easy Access
Step 1: Check entry rules (visa-free for Iranians up to 21 days; ALand confirms). Step 2: Select hospital (cost $3,000; ALand’s local experts recommend). Step 3: Birth and immediate registration (automatic; ALand handles paperwork). Step 4: Return and future support (child sponsors at age 18). Step 5: Monitor legal updates with ALand. Risks: Visa time limit (extension possible but risky); seasonal storms. Necessary Tools: Flight tickets, financial proof, ALand coordination.
Strategy 3: Conditional Path in Europe (e.g., France for Long-Term Residency) for EU Citizenship
Step 1: Obtain parental residency (long-term visa, 5–8 years; ALand’s lawyers assist). Step 2: Birth in the country (citizenship conditional on residency). Step 3: Apply at age 18 (proof of residency and integration test; ALand prepares). Step 4: Gain EU citizenship and passport (Schengen access). Step 5: Family integration (sponsorship after citizenship). Risks: Time-consuming (5–10 years); no birth tourism (visa denial if suspected). Necessary Tools: Residency documents, language tests, ALand legal support.
Strategy 4: Birth Tourism with Legal Planning (for Unrestricted Countries) to Minimize Risks
Step 1: Analyze laws with ALand’s experts (check 2025 updates). Step 2: Prepare documents (visa, return proof, medical letter). Step 3: Book and birth (ALand’s local team selects hospital; calculate full cost). Step 4: Register and consular dual citizenship (ALand handles). Step 5: Post-birth monitoring (ALand updates legal changes). Risks: Visa denial (up to 30% for pregnant women); unexpected costs. Necessary Tools: Legal contracts, insurance, ALand planning.
Strategy 5: Focusing on Statelessness Prevention for Special Cases (e.g., Refugee Children) to Ensure Citizenship
Step 1: Identify country with automatic support for stateless (e.g., Tanzania). Step 2: Birth and special registration (UN Convention 1961; ALand assists). Step 3: Maintain dual (notify Iranian authorities). Step 4: Family sponsorship (child supports parents). Step 5: Long-term integration (ALand consultation). Risks: Limited to specific cases (if parents can’t transmit citizenship); complex legal process. Necessary Tools: Refugee documents, ALand legal aid for conventions.
Complete List of Countries with Details (Laws, Conditions, Exceptions, Limitations)
ALand’s legal and local teams have compiled this list, including policy, additional laws/exceptions, birth tourism limitations, 2025 changes
Antigua and Barbuda:
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Registration within 21 days required for official citizenship; dual citizenship fully allowed; exceptions for children of foreign diplomats or occupying forces (Vienna Convention); if parents non-citizens, child has full rights. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low scrutiny on tourist visas; must prove return and funds (minimum $500); not banned but pregnancy check possible. 2025 Legal Changes: None; laws stable since 1981. Benefits: Strong passport (151 visa-free, rank 28) with Schengen/UK/Canada access; Commonwealth education discounts. Risks: Hurricane season (June–November), limited high-risk birth facilities. Personalized Advice: Easy for Iranian families (visa-free); combine with vacation for discretion; ALand’s local team assists with registration. Iranian Visa: Visa-free up to 180 days. Suggested Hospital: Mount St. John’s Medical Centre (modern, English-speaking, maternity ward with NICU). Approximate Cost: $4,000 to $12,000 (basic natural birth $4,000; luxury with private room $8,000+).
Argentina:
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Immediate registration required; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats; if parents foreign, child can choose at age 18 but automatic. Birth Tourism Limitations: Allowed but increased economic scrutiny in 2025 (proof of funds and return for tourist visa); pregnancy check may lead to denial if suspected to stay. 2025 Legal Changes: None; stable since 1918 law. Benefits: Passport 174 visa-free (rank 19), free public education/health; Mercosur regional movement. Risks: High inflation, urban pollution. Personalized Advice: Use Schengen for entry; ideal for Latin America focus; ALand’s team assists.
Barbados
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Registration required; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Tourist visa scrutinized (proof of return); pregnancy suspicion may cause denial. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Passport 147 visa-free (rank 33), English environment. Risks: High island living costs. Personalized Advice: Suitable for Caribbean base; use Schengen for Iranians. Iranian Visa: Required, Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Queen Elizabeth Hospital (hybrid, maternity center). Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $9,000.
Belize
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Bilingual policy; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low; tourist visa simple but return proof required. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Bilingual opportunities, eco-tourism; Passport 101 visa-free (rank 57). Risks: Rural infrastructure gaps. Personalized Advice: Budget option for Iranians; ALand assists with local coordination. Iranian Visa: Required, Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Belize Medical Associates (private, maternity suites). Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $7,000.
Bolivia
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Adult choice at 18; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats; special registration if parents foreign. Birth Tourism Limitations: Political scrutiny on tourist visa; funds proof required. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Cultural heritage; Passport 80 visa-free (rank 72). Risks: Altitude sickness, political instability. Personalized Advice: Easy entry (eVisa); cost-saving for Iranians. Iranian Visa: eVisa or VoA, no Schengen needed. Suggested Hospital: Clinica del Sur (modern, affordable obstetrics). Approximate Cost: $1,000 to $5,000.
Brazil
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Family sponsorship at 21; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats; immediate registration required. Birth Tourism Limitations: Increased scrutiny in 2025 on tourist visa (pregnancy and funds check); not banned but risk denial. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Diverse economy; Passport 171 visa-free (rank 20). Risks: Urban crime in areas like Rio. Personalized Advice: Growth-focused; use Schengen for Iranians. Iranian Visa: Required, Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Hospital Albert Einstein (world-class, JCI-accredited). Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $8,000.
Canada
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Provincial registration; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats; sponsorship limited if parents non-resident until child 18. Birth Tourism Limitations: Strict tourist visa scrutiny (pregnancy check, cost payment required); suspected birth tourism leads to denial or ban. 2025 Legal Changes: None; unrestricted despite debates. Benefits: Universal healthcare; Passport 187 visa-free (rank 7). Risks: Cold climate, high costs for non-residents. Personalized Advice: Premium but complex for Iranians; ALand’s team helps with visa. Iranian Visa: Required, difficult. Suggested Hospital: Toronto General Hospital (research-focused maternity). Approximate Cost: $10,000 to $25,000.
Chile
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low; tourist visa simple with return proof. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Stable economy; Passport 176 visa-free (rank 18). Risks: Earthquakes, natural disasters. Personalized Advice: Reliable mid-tier; use Schengen for Iranians. Iranian Visa: Required, Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Clinica Alemana (luxury, international services). Approximate Cost: $5,000 to $15,000.
Costa Rica
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions (registration up to 25 years). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats; eco-policies for citizenship benefits. Birth Tourism Limitations: Scrutiny on tourist visa (return proof); not banned but pregnancy check possible. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: High safety; Passport 150 visa-free (rank 30). Risks: Volcanic activity. Personalized Advice: Ideal for eco-focused Iranian families; ALand coordinates locally. Iranian Visa: Required, Schengen waiver 90 days. Suggested Hospital: Hospital CIMA (bilingual, all-inclusive packages). Approximate Cost: $4,000 to $12,000.
Complete List of Countries with Details (Laws, Conditions, Exceptions, Limitations) - Continued
Cuba
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship limited (government approval); exceptions for diplomats; state control on registration. Birth Tourism Limitations: Hard; tourist visa heavily scrutinized due to political issues. 2025 Legal Changes: None, but economic crisis impacts. Benefits: Free healthcare; Passport 63 visa-free (rank 81). Risks: Political isolation, limited mobility. Personalized Advice: Avoid unless necessary; ALand suggests alternatives. Iranian Visa: Required. Suggested Hospital: Public hospitals. Approximate Cost: Low ($1,000–$3,000).
Dominica
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low; tourist visa short but extendable. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Natural beauty; Passport 144 visa-free (rank 32). Risks: Isolation, limited facilities. Personalized Advice: Easy no-Schengen for Iranians; ALand helps with extension. Iranian Visa: Visa-free 21 days (extendable). Suggested Hospital: Dominica China Friendship Hospital. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $7,000.
Ecuador
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Medium scrutiny on tourist visa. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Biodiversity; Passport 90 visa-free (rank 65). Risks: Earthquakes, volcanic activity. Personalized Advice: Accessible (visa-free) for Iranians. Iranian Visa: Visa-free. Suggested Hospital: Hospital Metropolitano. Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $6,000.
El Salvador
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats; Bitcoin integration for citizens. Birth Tourism Limitations: Medium; tourist visa checked. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Beaches; Passport 134 visa-free (rank 37). Risks: Gang activity in some areas. Personalized Advice: Modern option; use Schengen. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver 180 days. Suggested Hospital: Hospital de Diagnóstico. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $9,000.
Grenada
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Culture; Passport 148 visa-free (rank 31). Risks: Hurricanes. Personalized Advice: Relaxed for Iranians (visa-free). Iranian Visa: Visa-free. Suggested Hospital: St. George’s General Hospital. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $8,000.
Guatemala
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low; tourist visa return proof required. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Maya heritage; Passport 134 visa-free (rank 37). Risks: Poverty in rural areas. Personalized Advice: Cultural for Iranian families. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver 90 days. Suggested Hospital: Hospital Herrera Llerandi. Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $7,000.
Guyana
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Oil growth; Passport 91 visa-free (rank 64). Risks: Flooding. Personalized Advice: Regional for Iranians (visa-free). Iranian Visa: Visa-free 90 days. Suggested Hospital: Georgetown Public Hospital. Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $7,000.
Honduras
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Medium. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Nature; Passport 132 visa-free (rank 38). Risks: Crime in some areas. Personalized Advice: Exploratory for Iranian families. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver 90 days. Suggested Hospital: Hospital CEMESA. Approximate Cost: $2,500 to $8,000.
Jamaica (Partial)
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Scrutiny on tourist visa. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Culture; Passport 103 visa-free (rank 55). Risks: Safety issues. Personalized Advice: Fun-focused for Iranians. Iranian Visa: Required. Suggested Hospital: University Hospital of the West Indies. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $9,000.
Complete List of Countries with Details (Laws, Conditions, Exceptions, Limitations) - Continued
Mexico
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Immediate registration required; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats or occupiers. Birth Tourism Limitations: Allowed but tourist visa scrutinized (pregnancy check, cost payment); risk denial if suspected to stay. 2025 Legal Changes: None; constitution 1917 stable. Benefits: Strong economy; Passport 159 visa-free (rank 23). Risks: Urban traffic, regional safety. Personalized Advice: Perfect balance for Iranian families; use Schengen; ALand coordinates. Iranian Visa: Required, Schengen waiver 180 days. Suggested Hospital: Hospital Ángeles (JCI-accredited, bilingual). Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $8,000.
Nicaragua
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Medium. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Landscapes; Passport 129 visa-free (rank 43). Risks: Political variability. Personalized Advice: Budget for Iranians; use Schengen. Iranian Visa: VoA with Schengen ($50). Suggested Hospital: Hospital Metropolitano Vivian Pellas. Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $7,000.
Panama
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low but tax scrutiny on tourist visa. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Tax haven; Passport 146 visa-free (rank 34). Risks: High humidity. Personalized Advice: Business-oriented for Iranian families. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver 30 days (extendable). Suggested Hospital: Hospital Punta Pacifica (Johns Hopkins affiliated). Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $10,000.
Paraguay
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Low costs; Passport 143 visa-free (rank 35). Risks: Infrastructure issues. Personalized Advice: Economic for Iranians (visa-free). Iranian Visa: Visa-free 90 days. Suggested Hospital: Hospital Bautista. Approximate Cost: $1,500 to $6,000.
Peru
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Medium. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Inca heritage; Passport 140 visa-free (rank 36). Risks: Altitude sickness. Personalized Advice: Cultural for Iranian families. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Clinica Internacional. Approximate Cost: $2,500 to $8,000.
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats; linked to citizenship-by-investment but birth is free. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Tax advantages; Passport 157 visa-free (rank 24). Risks: Small size limits local opportunities. Personalized Advice: Top no-Schengen for Iranians; ALand plans tax benefits. Iranian Visa: eVisa 90 days. Suggested Hospital: Joseph N. France General Hospital. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $10,000.
Saint Lucia
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Volcanic beauty; Passport 146 visa-free (rank 34). Risks: Hurricanes. Personalized Advice: Relaxed for Iranians (visa-free). Iranian Visa: Visa-free. Suggested Hospital: Tapion Hospital. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $9,000.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Peaceful islands; Passport 148 visa-free (rank 31). Risks: Remote location. Personalized Advice: Peaceful for Iranian families. Iranian Visa: Visa-free. Suggested Hospital: Milton Cato Memorial Hospital. Approximate Cost: $2,500 to $8,000.
Trinidad and Tobago
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Medium. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Energy sector; Passport 148 visa-free (rank 31). Risks: Crime in urban areas. Personalized Advice: Economic for Iranians. Iranian Visa: Required. Suggested Hospital: Medical Associates Hospital. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $10,000.
Practical Strategies for Obtaining Citizenship by Birth (Step-by-Step) - Continued
United States
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions (14th Amendment). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats, occupiers, or “enemy aliens”; American Samoa non-citizen birth. Birth Tourism Limitations: Illegal; pregnancy scrutiny on tourist visa; payment required or ban. 2025 Legal Changes: Executive order for restrictions proposed but blocked by courts; unrestricted remains. Benefits: Vast opportunities; Passport 186 visa-free (rank 10). Risks: Political debates, high scrutiny. Personalized Advice: Consider alternatives for Iranians due to visa complexity; ALand advises on legal pathways. Iranian Visa: Required, highly scrutinized. Suggested Hospital: Cedars-Sinai. Approximate Cost: $10,000 to $50,000.
Uruguay
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Low. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Progressive policies; Passport 153 visa-free (rank 27). Risks: No major. Personalized Advice: Modern option for Iranians; use Schengen. Iranian Visa: Required, Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Hospital Británico. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $10,000.
Venezuela
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic for birth on soil, no parental conditions. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Hard due to political/economic crisis. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Limited; Passport 40 visa-free (rank 91). Risks: High instability, safety issues. Personalized Advice: Completely avoid; ALand recommends safer options. Iranian Visa: Visa-free 90 days. Suggested Hospital: Public hospitals. Approximate Cost: Low ($1,000–$3,000).
Chad
Main Policy: Unrestricted with choice at 18. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Anti-statelessness; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: High due to security. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Cultural diversity; Passport 54 visa-free (rank 86). Risks: Security concerns. Personalized Advice: Niche; avoid unless necessary. Iranian Visa: Required. Suggested Hospital: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire. Approximate Cost: $1,000 to $4,000.
Lesotho
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Medium. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Mountainous scenery; Passport 79 visa-free (rank 73). Risks: Poverty. Personalized Advice: Adventurous option. Iranian Visa: eVisa 90 days. Suggested Hospital: Queen ’Mamohato Memorial Hospital. Approximate Cost: $1,500 to $5,000.
Tanzania
Main Policy: Unrestricted with choice at 18. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Special registration; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Scrutiny on visa. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Wildlife; Passport 73 visa-free (rank 76). Risks: Malaria. Personalized Advice: Good for nature lovers. Iranian Visa: eVisa. Suggested Hospital: Aga Khan Hospital. Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $6,000.
Fiji
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Medium. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Pacific islands; Passport 90 visa-free (rank 65). Risks: Cyclones. Personalized Advice: Relaxed Pacific option. Iranian Visa: Required. Suggested Hospital: Colonial War Memorial Hospital. Approximate Cost: $2,000 to $7,000.
Tuvalu
Main Policy: Unrestricted automatic. Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: High due to remoteness. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Unique atolls; Passport 68 visa-free (rank 79). Risks: Rising seas. Personalized Advice: Exotic but limited. Iranian Visa: VoA 30 days. Suggested Hospital: Princess Margaret Hospital. Approximate Cost: $1,000 to $4,000.
Belgium
Main Policy: Conditional (double Jus Soli or 10-year parental residency). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Integration tests possible; automatic for stateless; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited; tourist visa denied if pregnancy suspected. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: EU freedom; Passport 190 visa-free (rank 5). Risks: Bureaucracy. Personalized Advice: For long-term residency. Iranian Visa: Required, Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: CHU Saint-Pierre. Approximate Cost: $5,000 to $15,000.
Practical Strategies for Obtaining Citizenship by Birth (Step-by-Step) - Continued
France
Main Policy: Conditional (double Jus Soli or at 18 with 5-year residency from age 11). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Application from 13; dual citizenship allowed; anti-statelessness; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Strict scrutiny; prohibited for tourist visas. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Cultural heritage; Passport 192 visa-free (rank 3). Risks: Crowded cities. Personalized Advice: Premium EU option. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: American Hospital of Paris. Approximate Cost: $6,000 to $20,000.
Germany
Main Policy: Conditional (8-year parental residency with permit). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed until age 23; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited; visa denial. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Economic powerhouse; Passport 192 visa-free (rank 3). Risks: Strict rules. Personalized Advice: Stable choice. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Charité Berlin. Approximate Cost: $4,000 to $12,000.
Greece
Main Policy: Conditional (5-year residency + school; double Jus Soli). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Mediterranean lifestyle; Passport 187 visa-free (rank 7). Risks: Economic fluctuations. Personalized Advice: Sunny option. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Hygeia Hospital. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $10,000.
Ireland
Main Policy: Conditional (3/4-year parental residency post-2005). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited since 2005. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: English-speaking EU; Passport 189 visa-free (rank 6). Risks: Weather. Personalized Advice: Friendly choice. Iranian Visa: Required. Suggested Hospital: Rotunda Hospital. Approximate Cost: $5,000 to $15,000.
Italy
Main Policy: Conditional (residency to 18 + declaration). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Notification at 17.5; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Heritage; Passport 191 visa-free (rank 4). Risks: Traffic. Personalized Advice: Heritage-focused. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: San Raffaele. Approximate Cost: $4,000 to $12,000.
Latvia
Main Policy: Conditional (default for residents). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Opt-out option; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Baltic charm; Passport 181 visa-free (rank 12). Risks: Cold winters. Personalized Advice: Emerging option. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Riga Maternity Hospital. Approximate Cost: $2,500 to $8,000.
Luxembourg
Main Policy: Conditional (double Jus Soli or 5-year child residency). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Parental pre-birth residency; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Wealthy hub; Passport 191 visa-free (rank 4). Risks: High costs. Personalized Advice: Luxury choice. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg. Approximate Cost: $6,000 to $18,000.
Malta
Main Policy: Conditional (dual Jus Soli or 5-year residency). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Mediterranean charm; Passport 186 visa-free (rank 10). Risks: Limited hospital capacity. Personalized Advice: Strong EU option. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Mater Dei Hospital. Approximate Cost: $5,000 to $15,000.
Malta
Main Policy: Conditional (double Jus Soli; unrestricted pre-1989). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Island EU; Passport 188 visa-free (rank 6). Risks: Density. Personalized Advice: Compact option. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Mater Dei Hospital. Approximate Cost: $4,000 to $11,000.
Practical Strategies for Obtaining Citizenship by Birth (Step-by-Step) - Continued
Netherlands
Main Policy: Conditional (double Jus Soli; residency at birth). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Acknowledgment rules; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Innovation; Passport 191 visa-free (rank 4). Risks: Flat terrain. Personalized Advice: Modern choice. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Erasmus MC. Approximate Cost: $5,000 to $14,000.
Portugal
Main Policy: Conditional (1-year parental residency; double Jus Soli). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Reduced from 2 years; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Golden Visa ties; Passport 188 visa-free (rank 6). Risks: Fires. Personalized Advice: Golden option. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Hospital da Luz. Approximate Cost: $3,000 to $10,000.
Spain
Main Policy: Conditional (double Jus Soli with renunciation option). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Automatic for stateless; dual citizenship limited; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Sunny lifestyle; Passport 191 visa-free (rank 4). Risks: Heat. Personalized Advice: Vibrant choice. Iranian Visa: Schengen waiver. Suggested Hospital: Hospital Quirónsalud. Approximate Cost: $4,000 to $12,000.
United Kingdom
Main Policy: Conditional (settled parent post-1983). Additional Laws/Exceptions: Indefinite leave required; dual citizenship allowed; exceptions for diplomats. Birth Tourism Limitations: Prohibited. 2025 Legal Changes: None. Benefits: Global finance; Passport 190 visa-free (rank 5). Risks: Brexit effects. Personalized Advice: Prestigious option. Iranian Visa: Required. Suggested Hospital: Portland Hospital. Approximate Cost: $7,000 to $20,000.
List of ALand Company Services
ALand Company, with our knowledgeable legal and local teams, offers the following services to support your citizenship journey.
Personalized Consultations
In-depth sessions to analyze your family profile, visa history, and objectives ($200 to $500 per hour, 30-minute initial session free).
Visa Assistance Services
Full support for Schengen, eVisa, or waivers, including preparation, appeals, and mock interviews ($500 to $2,000 per case, high success rate).
Hospital and Logistics Booking Packages
Curated birth tourism itineraries with hospital reservations, flights, luxury accommodations, and local guides ($1,000 to $5,000, including cultural tours for discretion).
Legal and Documentation Support
Connections to global lawyers for dual citizenship filings, birth registrations, translations, and sponsorship planning ($300 to $1,500, including apostille services).
Comprehensive Post-Birth Services
Assistance with child’s passport issuance, consular notifications, and family reunification applications ($400 to $1,000, expedited processing).
Custom Reports and Simulations
Tailored analyses of passport comparisons, risk assessments, and future scenario modeling ($150 to $400).
Ongoing Subscription Monitoring
Updates on visa/policy changes, personalized newsletters, and annual reviews ($99 to $199 per year, with priority support).
Ethical Compliance and Risk Audits
Initial audit free with any package; full reviews to mitigate scrutiny ($200 standalone).
Family Legacy Planning Bundles
End-to-end packages for Jus Soli journeys ($3,000 to $10,000, discounts for referrals).
Educational Webinars and Resources
Free access to our library; premium webinars on topics like “Maximizing Dual Citizenship” ($50 per session).
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
FAQ: Citizenship by Birth (Jus Soli) – Laws, Strategies, and Services in 2025
Jus Soli is a legal principle granting citizenship to anyone born on the territory of a country, regardless of their parents' nationality or citizenship status. It originates from ancient Roman law and is codified in many countries, particularly in the Americas.
Unrestricted/Absolute: Automatic citizenship at birth without additional conditions (common in the Americas).
Conditional/Limited: Citizenship granted with extra requirements such as parental residency, age of application, or specific registration steps (common in Europe).
Hybrid: Citizenship combined with right of blood (Jus Sanguinis), where parental nationality plays a role.
Strong passports with visa-free or visa-on-arrival access globally.
Full citizenship rights: voting, work, education, healthcare.
Family reunification options.
Economic and social integration opportunities.
Visa denial or entry bans related to birth tourism.
Legal restrictions, costs of birth and registration.
Complex application and monitoring processes.
Ethical and compliance scrutiny.
Step 1: Physical birth within country territory.
Step 2: Birth registration by hospital or authority.
Step 3: Granting citizenship (automatic or conditional).
Step 4: Issuance of passport and documents.
Dual citizenship is often allowed, but requires registration with both countries.
Selecting unrestricted countries in the Americas (e.g., Mexico, Canada).
Using visa-free Caribbean countries for easier access.
Applying for conditional citizenship in Europe via parental residency (e.g., France).
Planning birth tourism legally to minimize risks.
Focusing on statelessness prevention for special cases.
Many countries scrutinize tourist visas for pregnancy, financial proof, or residency intentions. Some countries prohibit birth tourism entirely, while others allow but with restrictions or monitoring.
Primarily countries in the Americas like Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and several Caribbean nations offer automatic citizenship with minimal parental conditions.
Countries like Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, and Spain provide citizenship based on additional parental residency or schooling requirements.
Costs vary widely, from $1,000 in some Latin American countries to over $50,000 in the U.S. Legal considerations include visa requirements, dual citizenship laws, documentation, and local registration.
